{"id":1429,"date":"2025-11-14T10:53:56","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T03:53:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/phat-giao-tay-tang.html"},"modified":"2025-11-14T10:53:56","modified_gmt":"2025-11-14T03:53:56","slug":"phat-giao-tay-tang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/phat-giao-tay-tang.html","title":{"rendered":"PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111ang t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG theo t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<div class=\"dt-abc-1\">\n<h2>PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG<\/h2>\n<div class=\"f-detail clearfix\">\n                    PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG<\/p>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u897f \u85cf \u4f5b \u6559 ; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1t-ma gi\u00e1o (e: lamaism);<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tM\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng thu\u1ed9c \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i g\u1ea7n Hi-m\u00e3-l\u1ea1p s\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. \u00d0\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu c\u1ee7a Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 8 d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Tri-song \u00d0et-sen (t: trisong detsen, 755-597), do hai Cao t\u0103ng \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 l\u00e0 T\u1ecbch H\u1ed9 (s: \u015b\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita) v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Hoa Sinh (padmasambhava) truy\u1ec1n sang. \u00d0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt qua T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 9. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ninh-m\u00e3 (t: nyingmapa) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 11, ph\u00e1t sinh hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ca-nh\u0129-c\u01b0 \u00a0(t: kagyupa) v\u00e0 T\u00e1t-ca (t: sakyapa) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14, ph\u00e1i C\u00e1ch-l\u1ed7 (t: gelugpa) th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u L\u1ea1t-ma T\u00e2y t\u1ea1ng \u0111ang gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tTr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. Kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua T\u00f9ng-t\u00e1n C\u01b0\u01a1ng-b\u1ed1 (t: songten gampo; 620-649) th\u00ec ho\u00e0ng gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay qua Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tu vi\u1ec7n Tang-duy\u00ean (samye, 775), c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u0103ng-gi\u00e0.<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tM\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta theo h\u1eb3n gi\u00e1o l\u00ed c\u1ee7a Trung qu\u00e1n t\u00f4ng (s: m\u0101dhyamika; t: dbu ma pa). Kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua L\u00e3ng-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (langdarma, 838-842), B\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c h\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i \u00bb\u00e1o tr\u1eafng\u00ab, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. Ng\u00e0y nay ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Ninh-m\u00e3 (nyingmapa).<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tV\u1edbi A-\u0111\u1ec1-sa, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai sang T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n t\u00e2m t\u1eeb th\u1ea7y qua tr\u00f2, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng T\u00e1t-ca (1073), l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00bbd\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3\u00ab M\u00e3-nh\u0129-ba (marpa) \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng Ca-nh\u0129-c\u01b0 (kagyupa) \u2013 sang \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 thu th\u1eadp kinh s\u00e1ch. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ea1t-ma, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00f4ng-kh\u00e1ch-ba (t: tsong-kha-pa), \u00bbNh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\u00ab, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. S\u01b0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tu vi\u1ec7n Gan-den (1409) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng C\u00e1ch-l\u1ed7 (t: gelugpa).<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tC\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00ed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00d0o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1o (chod), tuy c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh s\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tu vi\u1ec7n n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ma-ha T\u1ea5t-\u0111\u1ea1t (s: mah\u0101siddha). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ngo\u00e0i A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a Long Th\u1ee5 (s: n\u0101g\u0101rjuna) v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc (s: asa\u1e45ga), xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00ed Trung qu\u00e1n c\u1ee5 duy\u00ean (m\u0101dhyamika-pr\u0101sa\u1e45gika) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft. Ngo\u00e0i ra Nh\u00e2n minh h\u1ecdc (s: hetuvidy\u0101; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 logic, lu\u1eadn l\u00ed h\u1ecdc) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o khoa. \u00d0\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu Tan-tra hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/div>\n<div>\n\t\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n\tN\u0103m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 (s: pa\u00f1cavacanagrantha) quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u Ge-she (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0ng v\u1edbi H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00f4ng, \u00d0\u00f4ng nam \u00e1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng): 1. B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3 ba-la-m\u1eadt-\u0111a (s: praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101); 2. Trung qu\u00e1n (m\u0101dhyamika); 3. Nh\u00e2n minh ho\u1eb7c L\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc (pram\u0101\u1e47av\u0101da); 4. A-t\u00ec-\u0111\u1ea1t-ma (abhidharma); 5. Lu\u1eadt (T\u00ec-n\u1ea1i-da; vinaya)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tra c\u1ee9u T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc online tr\u00ean trang nh\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/\">niemphat.vn<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/\">t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc online<\/a>:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111ang t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG theo t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau: PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O T\u00c2Y T\u1ea0NG \u00a0 \u897f \u85cf \u4f5b \u6559 ; c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1429","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-p","7":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1429\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.niemphat.vn\/tudien\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}